Surface acoustic waves for acousto-optic modulation in buried silicon nitride waveguides

We theoretically investigate the use of Rayleigh surface acoustic waves (SAWs) for refractive index modulation in optical waveguides consisting of amophous dielectrics. Considering low-loss Si3N4 waveguides with a standard core cross section of 4.4×0.03 μm size, buried 8-μm deep in a SiO2 cladding we compare surface acoustic wave generation in various different geometries via a piezo-active, lead zirconate titanate film placed on top of the surface and driven via an interdigitized transducer (IDT). Using numerical solutions of the acoustic and optical wave equations, we determine the strain distribution of SAW modes under resonant excitation, and the electric field distribution of the fundamental optical mode near the waveguide core. From the overlap of the acoustic strain field with the optical mode field we calculate and maximize the attainable amplitude of index modulation in the waveguide. For the example of a near-infrared wavelength of 840 nm, a maximum relative refractive index modulation of 1.2x10−3 was obtained for an IDT period of 30 μm, a film thickness of 4 μm, and using an IDT voltage and modulation frequency of 10 V and 90 MHz, respectively. This relative index change is about 300-times higher than in previous work based on non-resonant proximity piezo-actuation, and the modulation frequency is about 200-times higher. Exploiting the maximum relative index change of 1.2×10−3 in a MachZehnder modulator should allow full-contrast modulation in devices as